What clinical components actually make up a truly complex dental case? A combination of modalities applied together that puts the case well beyond routine general practice work. The typical complex case involves missing teeth, often one or two entire arches gone. Dental implants are usually needed, sometimes with hard or soft tissue grafting first. Some cases pull in every tool in the arsenal: orthodontic alignment of the arches, oral surgery, periodontal stabilization of remaining structures, multi-unit fixed prosthodontics cemented or bonded to natural teeth where they remain, DNA testing for periodontal susceptibility, fixed or removable implant restorations, and the derivation of [...]